Oshada
Submit a manuscript
Articles

Analysis of the Relationship of Maternal Age and Parity to Gestational Diabetes Risk

Authors

  • Sri Wahyuni Poltekkes Kemenkes Aceh
  • Barirah Madeni Poltekkes Kemenkes Aceh
  • Isah Fitriani Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
  • Risza Presty Nurmani Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Published October 30, 2025 pp. 177-191 doi.org/10.62872/o.v2i5.220 CC BY-SA 4.0
PDF

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the association between maternal age and parity with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using a quantitative analytic observational approach. Data were collected from scientific literature, epidemiological reports, and global health policy documents published between 2018 and 2025, focusing on the Southeast Asian region. The findings reveal that maternal age above 30 years is significantly correlated with higher GDM prevalence, with the risk sharply increasing among women aged ≥35 years. High parity (≥3 births) contributes to cumulative metabolic burden, greater insulin resistance, and elevated GDM likelihood. The interaction between maternal age and parity demonstrates a synergistic effect, reinforced by biological and social factors, including limited antenatal access and low nutritional awareness. From a public health perspective, these findings highlight the need for integrated maternal risk-based screening, preconception education, and digital health interventions to identify high-risk women early. Community-based preventive strategies and the use of digital health technologies can enhance GDM prevention, strengthen maternal and child health outcomes, and contribute to sustainable health development goals across Southeast Asia.

Keywords

early detectiongestational diabetesmaternal ageparity

References

  1. American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care, 46(Supplement_1), S1–S154. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-Sintroduction
  2. Bappenas. (2024). Evaluasi Implementasi Program Gizi dan Kesehatan Ibu Hamil di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian PPN/Bappenas.
  3. Bashir, M., Sattar, A., & Aziz, R. (2022). Maternal age and gestational diabetes: A clinical correlation study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 889. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05123-4
Show 23 more references
  1. Bryman, A. (2020). Social Research Methods (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  2. Chan, J. C. N., Malik, V., Jia, W., & Hu, F. B. (2020). Diabetes in Asia: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. The Lancet, 400(10265), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32330-8
  3. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  4. IDF. (2023). IDF Diabetes Atlas (11th ed.). Brussels: International Diabetes Federation.
  5. Kampmann, U., Madsen, L. R., & Ovesen, P. (2021). Maternal age and insulin resistance in pregnancy. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 180, 109064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109064
  6. Kaur, H., Singh, P., & Yadav, S. (2022). Universal screening for gestational diabetes: Public health implications. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 16(4), 102499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102499
  7. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Riskesdas 2023: Laporan Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Litbangkes.
  8. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2024). Laporan Evaluasi Program Posyandu Pra-Konsepsi 2024. Jakarta: Direktorat Gizi dan KIA.
  9. Mulla, Z. D., Simhan, H. N., & Catalano, P. M. (2022). Intergenerational effects of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinics of North America, 49(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2021.11.002
  10. Nguyen, H. T., Le, D. T., & Khuong, L. Q. (2022). Maternal age and parity as determinants of gestational diabetes in Southeast Asia: A multicenter analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1573. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13855-8
  11. Ramos, M., Santiago, L., & Cruz, J. (2021). Parity and risk of gestational diabetes: Evidence from the Philippines. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 10(2), 34–41.
  12. Shafqat, S., Jamil, S., & Rehman, A. (2023). Parity and gestational diabetes mellitus: A comparative clinical study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 49(4), 1124–1133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15634
  13. Shah, P., Parikh, R., & Joshi, S. (2021). Physical activity and gestational diabetes risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11(3), e045545. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-04554
  14. Tran, N. T., Vo, L. T., & Pham, Q. H. (2021). Urbanization and lifestyle changes in women of reproductive age in Asia. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1903129. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1903129
  15. UNICEF. (2023). Maternal Nutrition and Health Equity in Southeast Asia. Bangkok: UNICEF Regional Office.
  16. Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2023). Preconception lifestyle intervention and gestational diabetes prevention: Evidence from meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 11(1), e74–e85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00457-9
  17. WHO. (2023). Guideline for Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  18. WHO SEARO. (2022). Maternal Health and Diabetes in South-East Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization Regional Office.
  19. World Bank. (2023). Addressing Maternal Health Inequality in Middle-Income Countries. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
  20. Yoo, J., Kim, S., & Park, E. (2022). Interpregnancy weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes in subsequent pregnancies. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 191, 110092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110092
  21. Zhao, X., Sun, Y., & Li, J. (2023). Effectiveness of universal GDM screening: Evidence from meta-analysis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 11(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00439-2
  22. Zhang, C., Li, X., & Liu, Y. (2022). Life-course epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms and implications. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 857613. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.857613
  23. Zhu, Y., Zhang, C., & Chen, L. (2023). Long-term health consequences of gestational diabetes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 19(3), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00754-5

Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Wahyuni, Isah Fitriani, Risza Presty Nurmani, Nur Wahyuni (Author) · CC BY-SA 4.0

O

My Account

Submit a manuscript